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Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 23Türkiye Green Taxonomy26 October 2026Türkiye Green Taxonomy: A New Classification Language for Companies and Financial InstitutionsAn assessment of the purpose of the green taxonomy, the environmental objectives, the "substantial contribution" and "do no significant harm" criteria, and its links with sustainability reporting and climate legislation.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 3 min readAt its simplest, a taxonomy is a classification system: it ties the question of which economic activities are to be regarded as environmentally sustainable to predetermined technical criteria. The Türkiye Green Taxonomy is a national framework prepared for this purpose and modelled on the European Union taxonomy. Its legal significance lies in taking the "green" label out of marketing language and turning it into a measurable and auditable concept.Why is it on the agenda?In the last few years, complementary regulations in the field of climate and sustainability have followed one another in quick succession. At the end of 2023, the Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority (KGK) published the Turkish Sustainability Reporting Standards (TSRS), and sustainability reporting became mandatory for companies of a certain size. The Climate Law, adopted in 2025, established the legal basis of climate policy, in particular the emissions trading system. The taxonomy serves as a common language between these two structures: it shows by which criteria the "green" revenue, investment and expenditure reported by a company are classified as such.Environmental objectivesIn parallel with the EU model, work on the taxonomy is structured around six environmental objectives:Climate change mitigation
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 22Mediation20 October 2026Mandatory Pre-Litigation Mediation in Commercial CasesThe obligation to apply to a mediator in commercial disputes concerning the payment of a sum of money, the time limits and the consequences of failing to attend the first meeting.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readIn commercial cases concerning receivables and compensation claims whose subject matter is the payment of a sum of money, having applied to a mediator before bringing the action is a precondition for bringing the action. This rule is set out in Art. 5/A of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102; the procedure is governed by Art. 18/A of Law No. 6325 on Mediation in Civil Disputes.Where is the application made?The application is made to the mediation office in the place of domicile of the opposing party or of one of the parties, or in the place where the court with jurisdiction over the dispute is located. The mediator is appointed from the office's list; if the parties agree on another mediator entered in the registry, that person is appointed.Time limitsThe mediator concludes the process within six weeks of the application reaching them.In cases of necessity, the mediator may extend this period by a maximum of two weeks.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 21Lease law14 October 2026Determining the Rent: The Action for Determination of Rent after the Twenty-Five Per Cent CapThe cap on increases in residential and roofed commercial premises leases, the end of the temporary twenty-five per cent rule, the five-year period and the time limits for the action for determination of rent.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 3 min readHow the rent is to be increased in leases of residential and roofed commercial premises has been one of the most debated legal issues in recent years. With the end of the temporary cap introduced during the period of high inflation, the general rules of Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098 have once again become the sole applicable rules.General rule: the CPI capUnder Art. 344 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, agreements on the rent to apply in lease periods renewed by the parties are valid provided that they do not exceed the rate of change in the twelve-month average of the consumer price index (TÜFE) in the preceding lease year. If the parties have not agreed on the rate of increase, the rent is determined by the judge on an equitable basis according to the condition of the leased premises, again without exceeding this rate.Temporary twenty-five per cent capAn amendment made in 2022 provided that, in residential leases, the increase in renewed periods could not exceed twenty-five per cent. After being extended once, this temporary rule expired in July 2024. In lease periods beginning after that date, the increase is once again capped at the CPI average.The five-year period
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 20Family law12 October 2026Divorce by Mutual Consent: Requirements and ProcedureThe statutory requirements for divorce by mutual consent, the matters covered in the protocol and how the court proceedings work.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readDivorce by mutual consent is a type of divorce in which the spouses apply to the court having agreed on the divorce and its consequences. It is governed by the third paragraph of Art. 166 of Turkish Civil Code No. 4721 and is generally concluded much more quickly than contested proceedings.Statutory requirementsFor a divorce by mutual consent to be granted:The marriage must have lasted at least one year.The spouses must apply to the court jointly, or one spouse must accept the action brought by the other.The judge must hear the spouses in person and be satisfied that they have expressed their will freely.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 19Consumer law5 October 2026Applying to the Consumer Arbitration CommitteeThe consumer's elective rights in respect of defective goods and services, the distinction between the consumer arbitration committee and the consumer court, where to apply and objections to decisions.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readDisputes arising from consumer transactions under Law No. 6502 on Consumer Protection are brought before the consumer arbitration committee if they fall below a certain monetary threshold, and before the consumer court if they exceed it. The monetary threshold is redetermined every year; the threshold applicable on the date of application is decisive.Elective rights in respect of defective goodsWhere goods are found to be defective, the consumer may, under Art. 11 of the Law, exercise one of the following rights:Rescinding the contract, having stated that they are ready to return the goodsKeeping the goods and requesting a price reduction in proportion to the defectRequesting free repair, with all costs borne by the seller, provided that this does not entail excessive cost
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 18Capital markets30 September 2026Crypto-Asset Service Providers: The New Framework under the Capital Markets LawThe crypto-asset provisions added to the Capital Markets Law in 2024; authorisation, protection of client assets and the liability regime for platforms and custodians.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readFor a long time, crypto-assets were traded without a clear legal framework. With the amendment made in 2024 to Capital Markets Law No. 6362, this field was regulated at statutory level for the first time, and crypto-asset service providers were placed under the supervision of the Capital Markets Board (SPK).Basic conceptsThe Law defines a crypto-asset as an intangible asset that can be created and stored electronically using distributed ledger technology or a similar technology, is distributed over digital networks and is capable of representing value or rights. Crypto-asset service providers are platforms, institutions providing custody services and the other institutions listed in the Law.Authorisation requirementCrypto-asset service providers must obtain authorisation from the SPK before commencing operations.The criteria relating to information systems and technological infrastructure are determined by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK); compliance with these criteria forms part of the authorisation process.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 17Employment law28 September 2026Reinstatement Action: Requirements and Time LimitsThe requirements for job security protection, the time limits for mediation and for bringing an action, and the consequences of a reinstatement judgment.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readAn employee whose employment contract is terminated without a valid reason may, under certain conditions, request reinstatement. This right is based on the job security provisions set out in Articles 18–21 of Labour Law No. 4857.Who can request reinstatement?To benefit from job security, the following conditions must, as a rule, be met together:Thirty or more employees must be employed at the workplace.The employee must have at least six months' seniority.The employment contract must be for an indefinite term.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 16E-commerce22 September 2026Marketplaces in E-Commerce: New Obligations of Intermediary Service ProvidersObligations introduced for intermediary service providers and sellers by the 2022 amendments to Law No. 6563, unfair commercial practices and the intellectual property complaint mechanism.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readThe growth of e-commerce marketplaces has shown that the relationship between seller and platform cannot be fully addressed by the classic rules of commercial law. The comprehensive amendment made in 2022 to Law No. 6563 on the Regulation of Electronic Commerce regulated this relationship in detail for the first time. A significant part of the amendments has applied since 1 January 2023.The partiesIntermediary service provider: A natural or legal person that provides an electronic commerce environment for the economic and commercial activities of others; in practice, the marketplace.Electronic commerce service provider: A natural or legal person that sells goods or services in the electronic commerce environment; in practice, the seller.Prohibition of unfair commercial practicesIntermediary service providers are prohibited from engaging in unfair commercial practices towards sellers. Conduct that may be considered within this scope includes interfering with the sale price against the seller's will, making unilateral amendments to the contract to the seller's detriment and preventing the seller from selling through other channels. The contract between the intermediary service provider and the seller must be in writing and contain certain minimum elements.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 15Inheritance law15 September 2026How Is an Inheritance Renounced?Renouncing an inheritance burdened with debts, the three-month time limit for renunciation, where to apply and the consequences of renunciation.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readThe estate left by the deceased consists not only of assets and rights but also of debts. Under Art. 605 et seq. of the Turkish Civil Code No. 4721, heirs may renounce the inheritance and thereby be released from liability for the debts of the deceased.Time limit for renunciationThe time limit for renouncing an inheritance is three months.For statutory heirs, this period begins on the date on which they learn of the death of the deceased.For heirs appointed by will, the period begins on the date on which the testamentary disposition is officially notified to them.Where there are justified reasons, the judge of the civil court of peace may extend this period or grant a new one.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 14Urban transformation8 September 2026Decision-Making in Urban Transformation: Risky Building Determination and the Two-Thirds MajorityDetermination of risky buildings under Law No. 6306, objections to the determination, decision-making by owners by a two-thirds majority and the shares of co-owners who do not join the decision.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 3 min readEarthquake risk has turned urban transformation from a zoning matter into a field of law that directly concerns the right of ownership. Law No. 6306 on the Transformation of Areas under Disaster Risk sets out the basic framework for transformation processes ranging from a single building to large areas. This article addresses the stages most frequently encountered in transformation at the scale of a single building.Determination of a risky buildingThe process begins with the determination that the building is a risky building. The determination is made by institutions and organisations licensed by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change, and an application by any one of the owners is sufficient. The result of the determination is entered in the title deed register as a risky building annotation and served on the owners.Objection to the determinationOwners may object to the risky building determination within fifteen days of service. Objections are examined by technical committees that include representatives of universities and professional chambers. Since missing the objection period causes the determination to become final, keeping track of the time limit is of vital importance.Decision by a two-thirds majority
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 13Tax1 September 2026Domestic and Global Minimum Corporate Tax: Main Features of the New EraThe main features of the domestic minimum corporate tax added to the Corporate Tax Law in 2024 and of the global minimum top-up tax for multinational groups.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readA long-debated issue in corporate taxation was the extent to which exemptions and deductions eroded the tax base. An amendment made in 2024 to Corporate Tax Law No. 5520 responded to this problem with two new instruments: the domestic minimum corporate tax and the global minimum top-up tax for multinational groups.Domestic minimum corporate taxUnder this provision, the corporate tax calculated may not be less than ten per cent of corporate income before exemptions and deductions are deducted. In other words, however high the exemptions and deductions may be, the tax payable by the company does not fall below a certain floor.The provision applies to earnings from the 2025 accounting period onwards.The Law provides for certain exceptions, such as the first accounting periods of newly established companies and earnings derived from certain activities.Which exemptions and deductions are to be disregarded in calculating the minimum tax is regulated separately. The calculation therefore does not consist merely of applying the rate.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 12Personal data24 August 2026Personal Data: The Obligation to Inform and the Rights of the Data SubjectThe content of the data controller's obligation to inform, how it differs from explicit consent, the data subject's rights of application and the time limits for complaints to the Board.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 3 min readLaw No. 6698 on the Protection of Personal Data imposes on every data controller that processes personal data an obligation to inform the data subject when obtaining the data. This obligation applies in all cases, whether or not the legal basis for the processing is explicit consent.The content of the informationUnder Art. 10 of the Law, the data subject must be given at least the following information:The identity of the data controller and of its representative, if anyThe purpose for which the personal data will be processedTo whom and for what purpose the processed data may be transferred
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 11Construction and work contracts17 August 2026Construction Agreement in Exchange for Land Share: Form, Delay and DefectsThe legal nature of the construction agreement in exchange for land share, the official form requirement, delay by the contractor, defective performance and limitation periods.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 3 min readIn a construction agreement in exchange for land share, also known as a flat-for-land agreement, the landowner undertakes to transfer certain shares of the land to the contractor in return for the building the contractor will construct. Although very common in practice, this agreement is not a contract type separately named in the legislation. Disputes are therefore largely resolved by applying the provisions on contracts for work and on preliminary sale agreements for immovable property together.Legal nature and formThe agreement is a mixed contract containing elements of a contract for work (Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098, Art. 470 et seq.) on the one hand and of a preliminary sale agreement for immovable property on the other. Since it includes an obligation to transfer immovable property, its validity depends on official form, that is, on its being drawn up by a notary as a notarial deed. An agreement made in ordinary written form is, as a rule, invalid.Court decisions accept that, where the obligations have been largely performed, relying on the lack of form may be regarded as an abuse of right. Nevertheless, making the agreement in ordinary written form in reliance on this exception is a serious risk.DelayIf the contractor does not start the work on time, delays the work in breach of the terms of the agreement, or if it becomes clearly apparent that the work will be completed later than the agreed time for a reason not attributable to the owner of the work, the owner of the work may withdraw from the agreement without waiting for the delivery date. Agreements usually provide for a contractual penalty for delay. For the contractual penalty to be claimed together with performance, the owner of the work must expressly state, upon accepting performance, that this right is reserved.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 10Medical devices10 August 2026Medical Device Regulation: Alignment with the European Union and the Obligations of Those Placing Devices on the MarketThe obligations of manufacturers, importers and distributors under the Medical Device Regulation that entered into force in 2021, registration in the Product Tracking System and post-market surveillance.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readMedical device legislation changed fundamentally with the Medical Devices Regulation (MDR), adopted in the European Union in 2017 and applicable since 2021. In line with its alignment obligations under the Customs Union, Türkiye transposed this change into its domestic law through the Medical Device Regulation published in the Official Gazette of 2 June 2021. A similar regulation for in vitro diagnostic devices also entered into force separately.Who is subject to obligations?The Regulation imposes separate obligations on each actor in the supply chain of a device:Manufacturer: Responsible for the design and manufacture of the device and its conformity with the general safety and performance requirements, for preparing the technical documentation and for the conformity assessment.Authorised representative: Assumes certain tasks on behalf of a manufacturer established outside Türkiye and may be held liable jointly with the manufacturer.Importer: Verifies, before placing the device on the market, that the device bears the conformity marking, that the declaration of conformity has been drawn up and that the labelling is complete.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 09Banking and credit27 July 2026Consumer Loans: Right of Withdrawal, Early Repayment and Pre-Contractual InformationThe fourteen-day right of withdrawal in consumer loan agreements, the interest reduction on early repayment, pre-contractual information and the remedies available in disputes over fees and charges.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readThe agreement between a bank and a person who takes out a personal, vehicle or housing loan is strictly regulated by Law No. 6502 on Consumer Protection and the related regulations. A significant proportion of these rules are mandatory; even if the contract contains a provision to the contrary, that provision does not apply to the detriment of the consumer.Pre-contractual informationBefore the agreement is concluded, the lender must provide the consumer with an information form showing the total cost of the loan, the annual cost rate, the type of interest, the instalment amounts and the early repayment conditions. The agreement is concluded in writing or on a durable medium, and a copy is given to the consumer. Incomplete information may prevent certain fee and interest claims from being asserted.Fourteen-day right of withdrawalThe consumer may withdraw from a consumer loan agreement within fourteen days without giving any reason. In the event of withdrawal, the consumer pays:the principal drawn down,
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 08Insurance and compensation13 July 2026Compensation after a Traffic Accident: Applying to the Insurer, Arbitration and Limitation PeriodsThe mandatory prior application to the insurance company under compulsory motor third-party liability insurance, the Insurance Arbitration Commission, the heads of loss compensated and limitation periods.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 3 min readAfter a traffic accident, the injured party's first counterpart is often the other party's compulsory motor third-party liability (traffic) insurer. Highway Traffic Law No. 2918 subjects this relationship to special rules intended to enable the injured party to obtain compensation quickly.Mandatory prior application to the insurerAn injured party relying on compulsory motor third-party liability insurance must apply in writing to the relevant insurance company before bringing an action or applying for arbitration. If the insurer fails to respond within fifteen days of the application, or rejects the claim in whole or in part, the injured party may proceed to litigation or arbitration.It is important that the application be complete: the accident report, the vehicle registration certificate and driving licence, photographs of the damage, the expert appraisal report and, in the case of bodily injury, medical documents should be attached to the application.Litigation or arbitration?The injured party may bring an action against the insurance company before the ordinary courts or apply to the Insurance Arbitration Commission. As a rule, arbitration makes it possible to obtain a result in a shorter time. In disputes below a certain amount, the decisions of the arbitral panel are final; decisions above that threshold are open to objection and appeal. As the monetary thresholds are updated every year, the amounts applicable on the date of application should be checked.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 07Negotiable instruments29 June 2026Enforcement Proceedings Based on Negotiable Instruments: Time Limits, Objections and LimitationPayment and objection time limits in enforcement proceedings based on cheques and promissory notes, the consequences of an objection to the signature, presentment periods for cheques and limitation periods for negotiable instruments.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 3 min readNegotiable instruments such as cheques, bills of exchange and promissory notes offer the creditor a faster and stronger route of enforcement than general enforcement proceedings. The attachment procedure specific to negotiable instruments, governed by Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law No. 2004, gives the debtor short time limits. Correct calculation of the time limits is therefore decisive for both the creditor and the debtor.Payment order and time limitsIn enforcement proceedings based on a negotiable instrument, the payment order sent to the debtor states that:The debt must be paid within ten days,Any complaint that the instrument does not qualify as a negotiable instrument, and any objections to the debt or to the signature, must be filed with the enforcement court within five days.Unlike in the general attachment procedure, the objection is filed not with the enforcement office but directly with the enforcement court. An objection does not automatically stay the proceedings; the enforcement court may, where the conditions are met, order a temporary stay of the proceedings.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 06Energy15 June 2026Green Energy Procurement: YEK-G Certificates, Bilateral Agreements and Unlicensed GenerationThe YEK-G system that enables companies to document their use of renewable energy, corporate power purchase agreements and the legal framework for unlicensed generation for self-consumption.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readSustainability reporting and supply chain expectations have added to the question of "how much energy a company consumes" the further question "what is the source of this energy?". Once electricity enters the grid, it cannot be physically separated according to its source. Proving the use of renewable energy in legal and accounting terms therefore relies on certification systems.The YEK-G certificateThe Renewable Energy Resource Guarantee (YEK-G) Certificate is an electronic certificate showing that a certain amount of electricity has been generated from a renewable source. The system was established by regulation of the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EPDK) and is operated by the Energy Markets Operation Company (EPİAŞ).Each certificate represents one megawatt-hour of generation.Certificates may be bought and sold directly from the generator through bilateral agreements or on the organised renewable energy market.A certificate used on behalf of consumers is cancelled, which prevents the same generation from being claimed twice.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 05Automotive and product safety1 June 2026Product Safety and Manufacturer Liability: Recalls and Warranties in the Automotive SectorStrict manufacturer liability introduced by Law No. 7223 on Product Safety and Technical Regulations, recall procedures, and warranty and repair periods for motor vehicles.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 3 min readThe automotive sector is one of the sectors in which product safety legislation is applied most intensively. A design defect in a single component can affect thousands of vehicles; for this reason, the responsibilities of the manufacturer, the importer and the authorised dealer are closely interlinked. Law No. 7223 on Product Safety and Technical Regulations has been the principal legislation in this field since March 2021.Only safe products may be placed on the marketThe fundamental principle of the Law is that only safe products may be placed on the market. The manufacturer is obliged to ensure and demonstrate the conformity of the product with the relevant technical regulations. The importer checks that the conformity assessment has been carried out and that the documents are complete. The distributor, for its part, may not make available on the market a product that it knows or ought to know is unsafe.Recall and withdrawalIf a product is found to be unsafe after it has been placed on the market, the manufacturer is obliged to take the corrective action necessary to eliminate the risk and to notify the market surveillance and inspection authority. In the automotive sector, this obligation appears in practice in the form of recall campaigns in which vehicle owners are called to authorised service centres. The authority may also prohibit the placing on the market of an unsafe product and order its withdrawal or recall.Strict manufacturer liability
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 04Real estate18 May 2026Preliminary Sale Agreement for Immovable Property: Form Requirement, Annotation on the Title Deed and Action for RegistrationExecuting a preliminary sale agreement for immovable property in official form, the protection afforded by its annotation on the title deed, the action for cancellation of title deed and registration, and the additional rules on pre-paid housing sales.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 3 min readIn purchases and sales of immovable property, the parties often agree to complete the sale not immediately but at a later date. This relationship, established for reasons such as payment of the price in instalments, the building not yet being complete or the approval of a loan being awaited, is secured by a preliminary sale agreement for immovable property.Form requirementThe validity of contracts giving rise to an obligation to transfer ownership of immovable property is subject to official form. A preliminary sale agreement for immovable property must likewise be executed before a notary in the form of a notarial deed. An ordinary written agreement signed between the parties, or a document on which only the signatures have been certified by a notary, is not valid as a preliminary sale agreement. The price paid on the basis of an invalid agreement may be reclaimed under the provisions on unjust enrichment; however, transfer of the immovable property cannot be demanded.Annotation on the title deedA preliminary sale agreement may be annotated in the title deed register. The annotation makes the right of the promisee enforceable also against third parties who subsequently acquire rights over the immovable property. If no annotation has been made and the promisor transfers the immovable property to someone else, the promisee's claim is, as a rule, converted into a claim for compensation only. It should also be borne in mind that the annotation loses its effect at the end of the period laid down by law.Action for cancellation of title deed and registration
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 03Pharmaceuticals and medical devices4 May 2026Promotion of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices: The Limits of the Advertising BanThe rule that medicinal products for human use may be promoted only to healthcare professionals, the limits on medical device advertising, and points to consider in social media and digital communication.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readThe promotion of health products is one of the most strictly regulated areas of commercial communication. The reason is clear: misleading or exaggerated promotion may affect not only the consumer's economic interests but also their health. With the spread of digital communication, how the classic advertising bans are to be applied to social media, websites and collaboration content has also become a new area of debate.Medicinal products for human use: ban on promotion to the publicPromotion to the public of medicinal products for human use, that is, medicines, is prohibited as a rule. Promotional activities may be directed only at physicians, dentists and pharmacists and are subject to the regulations of the Medicines and Medical Devices Agency (TİTCK). Under these regulations:Promotional information must be consistent with the product's approved summary of product characteristics, accurate and verifiable.Product promotion representatives carrying out promotion must have certain qualifications and training.The distribution of samples, support for scientific meetings and benefits provided to healthcare professionals are subject to detailed rules.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 02Capital markets and banking20 April 2026Open Banking: Account Information and Payment Initiation ServicesAccount information services and payment initiation services under Law No. 6493, supervision by the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye, customer consent, banking secrecy and personal data.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readOpen banking is the sharing, with the customer's own consent, of information relating to the customer's bank accounts or of payment instructions, through authorised third-party service providers and via a secure interface. Viewing accounts held at more than one bank in a single application, or paying for a purchase directly from an account without using a card, are the best-known examples of this model.Legal basisAn amendment made in 2019 to Law No. 6493 on Payment and Securities Settlement Systems, Payment Services and Electronic Money Institutions introduced two new payment services:Account information service: The online provision, with the customer's consent, of information relating to the customer's accounts held with one or more payment service providers.Payment initiation service: The initiation, at the customer's request, of a payment order from the customer's account held with another payment service provider.The same amendment transferred the authorisation and supervision of payment institutions and electronic money institutions to the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (TCMB). Detailed rules are set out in the Central Bank's regulations and communiqués on payment services.
Aydın Yaman Law OfficeNo. 01Foreign investment6 April 2026Foreign Direct Investment: Company Formation, Acquisition of Immovable Property and GuaranteesNational treatment and freedom of transfer granted to foreign investors under Law No. 4875, acquisition of immovable property by foreigners and foreign-capital companies, and arbitration in investment disputes.Att. Aydın YamanEN · 2 min readThe basic framework for foreign investment in Türkiye is set by Foreign Direct Investment Law No. 4875, which entered into force in 2003. The Law abandoned the permit- and approval-based system of the previous period and adopted a notification-based model that grants investors equal treatment.Basic principlesFreedom to invest: Subject to international agreements and the provisions of special laws, foreign investors are free to make foreign direct investments in Türkiye.National treatment: Foreign investors are subject to equal treatment with domestic investors.Guarantee against expropriation: The investments of foreign investors may not be expropriated or nationalised unless the public interest so requires and compensation is paid.Freedom of transfer: Payments such as profits, dividends, sale and liquidation proceeds, and licence and management fees may be freely transferred abroad through banks or special finance institutions.

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23 articles

Showing 23 articles

Automotive and product safety ¹

Automotive and product safety
Product Safety and Manufacturer Liability: Recalls and Warranties in the Automotive Sector
Strict manufacturer liability introduced by Law No. 7223 on Product Safety and Technical Regulations, recall procedures, and warranty and repair periods for motor vehicles.
Att. Aydın Yaman1 June 20263 min readEN

Banking and credit ¹

Banking and credit
Consumer Loans: Right of Withdrawal, Early Repayment and Pre-Contractual Information
The fourteen-day right of withdrawal in consumer loan agreements, the interest reduction on early repayment, pre-contractual information and the remedies available in disputes over fees and charges.
Att. Aydın Yaman27 July 20262 min readEN

Capital markets ¹

Capital markets
Crypto-Asset Service Providers: The New Framework under the Capital Markets Law
The crypto-asset provisions added to the Capital Markets Law in 2024; authorisation, protection of client assets and the liability regime for platforms and custodians.
Att. Aydın Yaman30 September 20262 min readEN

Capital markets and banking ¹

Capital markets and banking
Open Banking: Account Information and Payment Initiation Services
Account information services and payment initiation services under Law No. 6493, supervision by the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye, customer consent, banking secrecy and personal data.
Att. Aydın Yaman20 April 20262 min readEN

Construction and work contracts ¹

Construction and work contracts
Construction Agreement in Exchange for Land Share: Form, Delay and Defects
The legal nature of the construction agreement in exchange for land share, the official form requirement, delay by the contractor, defective performance and limitation periods.
Att. Aydın Yaman17 August 20263 min readEN

Consumer law ¹

Consumer law
Applying to the Consumer Arbitration Committee
The consumer's elective rights in respect of defective goods and services, the distinction between the consumer arbitration committee and the consumer court, where to apply and objections to decisions.
Att. Aydın Yaman5 October 20262 min readEN

E-commerce ¹

E-commerce
Marketplaces in E-Commerce: New Obligations of Intermediary Service Providers
Obligations introduced for intermediary service providers and sellers by the 2022 amendments to Law No. 6563, unfair commercial practices and the intellectual property complaint mechanism.
Att. Aydın Yaman22 September 20262 min readEN

Employment law ¹

Employment law
Reinstatement Action: Requirements and Time Limits
The requirements for job security protection, the time limits for mediation and for bringing an action, and the consequences of a reinstatement judgment.
Att. Aydın Yaman28 September 20262 min readEN

Energy ¹

Energy
Green Energy Procurement: YEK-G Certificates, Bilateral Agreements and Unlicensed Generation
The YEK-G system that enables companies to document their use of renewable energy, corporate power purchase agreements and the legal framework for unlicensed generation for self-consumption.
Att. Aydın Yaman15 June 20262 min readEN

Family law ¹

Family law
Divorce by Mutual Consent: Requirements and Procedure
The statutory requirements for divorce by mutual consent, the matters covered in the protocol and how the court proceedings work.
Att. Aydın Yaman12 October 20262 min readEN

Foreign investment ¹

Foreign investment
Foreign Direct Investment: Company Formation, Acquisition of Immovable Property and Guarantees
National treatment and freedom of transfer granted to foreign investors under Law No. 4875, acquisition of immovable property by foreigners and foreign-capital companies, and arbitration in investment disputes.
Att. Aydın Yaman6 April 20262 min readEN

Inheritance law ¹

Inheritance law
How Is an Inheritance Renounced?
Renouncing an inheritance burdened with debts, the three-month time limit for renunciation, where to apply and the consequences of renunciation.
Att. Aydın Yaman15 September 20262 min readEN

Insurance and compensation ¹

Insurance and compensation
Compensation after a Traffic Accident: Applying to the Insurer, Arbitration and Limitation Periods
The mandatory prior application to the insurance company under compulsory motor third-party liability insurance, the Insurance Arbitration Commission, the heads of loss compensated and limitation periods.
Att. Aydın Yaman13 July 20263 min readEN

Lease law ¹

Lease law
Determining the Rent: The Action for Determination of Rent after the Twenty-Five Per Cent Cap
The cap on increases in residential and roofed commercial premises leases, the end of the temporary twenty-five per cent rule, the five-year period and the time limits for the action for determination of rent.
Att. Aydın Yaman14 October 20263 min readEN

Mediation ¹

Mediation
Mandatory Pre-Litigation Mediation in Commercial Cases
The obligation to apply to a mediator in commercial disputes concerning the payment of a sum of money, the time limits and the consequences of failing to attend the first meeting.
Att. Aydın Yaman20 October 20262 min readEN

Medical devices ¹

Medical devices
Medical Device Regulation: Alignment with the European Union and the Obligations of Those Placing Devices on the Market
The obligations of manufacturers, importers and distributors under the Medical Device Regulation that entered into force in 2021, registration in the Product Tracking System and post-market surveillance.
Att. Aydın Yaman10 August 20262 min readEN

Negotiable instruments ¹

Negotiable instruments
Enforcement Proceedings Based on Negotiable Instruments: Time Limits, Objections and Limitation
Payment and objection time limits in enforcement proceedings based on cheques and promissory notes, the consequences of an objection to the signature, presentment periods for cheques and limitation periods for negotiable instruments.
Att. Aydın Yaman29 June 20263 min readEN

Personal data ¹

Personal data
Personal Data: The Obligation to Inform and the Rights of the Data Subject
The content of the data controller's obligation to inform, how it differs from explicit consent, the data subject's rights of application and the time limits for complaints to the Board.
Att. Aydın Yaman24 August 20263 min readEN

Pharmaceuticals and medical devices ¹

Pharmaceuticals and medical devices
Promotion of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices: The Limits of the Advertising Ban
The rule that medicinal products for human use may be promoted only to healthcare professionals, the limits on medical device advertising, and points to consider in social media and digital communication.
Att. Aydın Yaman4 May 20262 min readEN

Real estate ¹

Real estate
Preliminary Sale Agreement for Immovable Property: Form Requirement, Annotation on the Title Deed and Action for Registration
Executing a preliminary sale agreement for immovable property in official form, the protection afforded by its annotation on the title deed, the action for cancellation of title deed and registration, and the additional rules on pre-paid housing sales.
Att. Aydın Yaman18 May 20263 min readEN

Tax ¹

Tax
Domestic and Global Minimum Corporate Tax: Main Features of the New Era
The main features of the domestic minimum corporate tax added to the Corporate Tax Law in 2024 and of the global minimum top-up tax for multinational groups.
Att. Aydın Yaman1 September 20262 min readEN

Türkiye Green Taxonomy ¹

Türkiye Green Taxonomy
Türkiye Green Taxonomy: A New Classification Language for Companies and Financial Institutions
An assessment of the purpose of the green taxonomy, the environmental objectives, the "substantial contribution" and "do no significant harm" criteria, and its links with sustainability reporting and climate legislation.
Att. Aydın Yaman26 October 20263 min readEN

Urban transformation ¹

Urban transformation
Decision-Making in Urban Transformation: Risky Building Determination and the Two-Thirds Majority
Determination of risky buildings under Law No. 6306, objections to the determination, decision-making by owners by a two-thirds majority and the shares of co-owners who do not join the decision.
Att. Aydın Yaman8 September 20263 min readEN

Türkiye Green Taxonomy
Türkiye Green Taxonomy: A New Classification Language for Companies and Financial Institutions
An assessment of the purpose of the green taxonomy, the environmental objectives, the "substantial contribution" and "do no significant harm" criteria, and its links with sustainability reporting and climate legislation.
Att. Aydın Yaman26 October 20263 min readEN
Mediation
Mandatory Pre-Litigation Mediation in Commercial Cases
The obligation to apply to a mediator in commercial disputes concerning the payment of a sum of money, the time limits and the consequences of failing to attend the first meeting.
Att. Aydın Yaman20 October 20262 min readEN
Lease law
Determining the Rent: The Action for Determination of Rent after the Twenty-Five Per Cent Cap
The cap on increases in residential and roofed commercial premises leases, the end of the temporary twenty-five per cent rule, the five-year period and the time limits for the action for determination of rent.
Att. Aydın Yaman14 October 20263 min readEN
Family law
Divorce by Mutual Consent: Requirements and Procedure
The statutory requirements for divorce by mutual consent, the matters covered in the protocol and how the court proceedings work.
Att. Aydın Yaman12 October 20262 min readEN
Consumer law
Applying to the Consumer Arbitration Committee
The consumer's elective rights in respect of defective goods and services, the distinction between the consumer arbitration committee and the consumer court, where to apply and objections to decisions.
Att. Aydın Yaman5 October 20262 min readEN
Capital markets
Crypto-Asset Service Providers: The New Framework under the Capital Markets Law
The crypto-asset provisions added to the Capital Markets Law in 2024; authorisation, protection of client assets and the liability regime for platforms and custodians.
Att. Aydın Yaman30 September 20262 min readEN
Employment law
Reinstatement Action: Requirements and Time Limits
The requirements for job security protection, the time limits for mediation and for bringing an action, and the consequences of a reinstatement judgment.
Att. Aydın Yaman28 September 20262 min readEN
E-commerce
Marketplaces in E-Commerce: New Obligations of Intermediary Service Providers
Obligations introduced for intermediary service providers and sellers by the 2022 amendments to Law No. 6563, unfair commercial practices and the intellectual property complaint mechanism.
Att. Aydın Yaman22 September 20262 min readEN
Inheritance law
How Is an Inheritance Renounced?
Renouncing an inheritance burdened with debts, the three-month time limit for renunciation, where to apply and the consequences of renunciation.
Att. Aydın Yaman15 September 20262 min readEN
Urban transformation
Decision-Making in Urban Transformation: Risky Building Determination and the Two-Thirds Majority
Determination of risky buildings under Law No. 6306, objections to the determination, decision-making by owners by a two-thirds majority and the shares of co-owners who do not join the decision.
Att. Aydın Yaman8 September 20263 min readEN
Tax
Domestic and Global Minimum Corporate Tax: Main Features of the New Era
The main features of the domestic minimum corporate tax added to the Corporate Tax Law in 2024 and of the global minimum top-up tax for multinational groups.
Att. Aydın Yaman1 September 20262 min readEN
Personal data
Personal Data: The Obligation to Inform and the Rights of the Data Subject
The content of the data controller's obligation to inform, how it differs from explicit consent, the data subject's rights of application and the time limits for complaints to the Board.
Att. Aydın Yaman24 August 20263 min readEN
Construction and work contracts
Construction Agreement in Exchange for Land Share: Form, Delay and Defects
The legal nature of the construction agreement in exchange for land share, the official form requirement, delay by the contractor, defective performance and limitation periods.
Att. Aydın Yaman17 August 20263 min readEN
Medical devices
Medical Device Regulation: Alignment with the European Union and the Obligations of Those Placing Devices on the Market
The obligations of manufacturers, importers and distributors under the Medical Device Regulation that entered into force in 2021, registration in the Product Tracking System and post-market surveillance.
Att. Aydın Yaman10 August 20262 min readEN
Banking and credit
Consumer Loans: Right of Withdrawal, Early Repayment and Pre-Contractual Information
The fourteen-day right of withdrawal in consumer loan agreements, the interest reduction on early repayment, pre-contractual information and the remedies available in disputes over fees and charges.
Att. Aydın Yaman27 July 20262 min readEN
Insurance and compensation
Compensation after a Traffic Accident: Applying to the Insurer, Arbitration and Limitation Periods
The mandatory prior application to the insurance company under compulsory motor third-party liability insurance, the Insurance Arbitration Commission, the heads of loss compensated and limitation periods.
Att. Aydın Yaman13 July 20263 min readEN
Negotiable instruments
Enforcement Proceedings Based on Negotiable Instruments: Time Limits, Objections and Limitation
Payment and objection time limits in enforcement proceedings based on cheques and promissory notes, the consequences of an objection to the signature, presentment periods for cheques and limitation periods for negotiable instruments.
Att. Aydın Yaman29 June 20263 min readEN
Energy
Green Energy Procurement: YEK-G Certificates, Bilateral Agreements and Unlicensed Generation
The YEK-G system that enables companies to document their use of renewable energy, corporate power purchase agreements and the legal framework for unlicensed generation for self-consumption.
Att. Aydın Yaman15 June 20262 min readEN
Automotive and product safety
Product Safety and Manufacturer Liability: Recalls and Warranties in the Automotive Sector
Strict manufacturer liability introduced by Law No. 7223 on Product Safety and Technical Regulations, recall procedures, and warranty and repair periods for motor vehicles.
Att. Aydın Yaman1 June 20263 min readEN
Real estate
Preliminary Sale Agreement for Immovable Property: Form Requirement, Annotation on the Title Deed and Action for Registration
Executing a preliminary sale agreement for immovable property in official form, the protection afforded by its annotation on the title deed, the action for cancellation of title deed and registration, and the additional rules on pre-paid housing sales.
Att. Aydın Yaman18 May 20263 min readEN
Pharmaceuticals and medical devices
Promotion of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices: The Limits of the Advertising Ban
The rule that medicinal products for human use may be promoted only to healthcare professionals, the limits on medical device advertising, and points to consider in social media and digital communication.
Att. Aydın Yaman4 May 20262 min readEN
Capital markets and banking
Open Banking: Account Information and Payment Initiation Services
Account information services and payment initiation services under Law No. 6493, supervision by the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye, customer consent, banking secrecy and personal data.
Att. Aydın Yaman20 April 20262 min readEN
Foreign investment
Foreign Direct Investment: Company Formation, Acquisition of Immovable Property and Guarantees
National treatment and freedom of transfer granted to foreign investors under Law No. 4875, acquisition of immovable property by foreigners and foreign-capital companies, and arbitration in investment disputes.
Att. Aydın Yaman6 April 20262 min readEN

Publications / 23 articles

Automotive and product safety 1

Banking and credit 1

Capital markets 1

Capital markets and banking 1

Construction and work contracts 1

Consumer law 1

E-commerce 1

Employment law 1

Energy 1

Family law 1

Foreign investment 1

Inheritance law 1

Insurance and compensation 1

Lease law 1

Mediation 1

Medical devices 1

Negotiable instruments 1

Personal data 1

Pharmaceuticals and medical devices 1

Real estate 1

Tax 1

Türkiye Green Taxonomy 1

Urban transformation 1

Automotive and product safety ¹

Banking and credit ¹

Capital markets ¹

Capital markets and banking ¹

Construction and work contracts ¹

Consumer law ¹

E-commerce ¹

Employment law ¹

Energy ¹

Family law ¹

Foreign investment ¹

Inheritance law ¹

Insurance and compensation ¹

Lease law ¹

Mediation ¹

Medical devices ¹

Negotiable instruments ¹

Personal data ¹

Pharmaceuticals and medical devices ¹

Real estate ¹

Tax ¹

Türkiye Green Taxonomy ¹

Urban transformation ¹